8 Reasons Why Chemical Reactions Are Important

Chemical reactions are the most important types of events in the universe. Its through chemical reactions that plants grow, produce fruit, and become compost for new plants. Its because of chemical reactions that human beings (and all other animals) reproduce, digest, grow, heal, and think. But what exactly are chemical reactions? Why are they so important? What Chemical Reactions Are Elements are the basic substances that make up  matter in the universe. Each element is a chemical. Elements that form bonds are called molecules. An oxygen molecule, for example, has two oxygen atoms. Chemical reactions occur when molecules interact and change. Bonds between atoms in molecules break and are reformed in new ways.   Chemical reactions are at the heart of literally every biological process in the universe. Stars form because of chemical reactions; our sun ignited because of chemical reactions in its core. Life developed on Earth as a result of chemical reactions. The circle of life is, at its heart, a series of chemical reactions. Even our ability to think and move is a result of chemical reactions that occur in our bodies. 8 Reasons Chemical Reactions Are Important Chemical reactions are the reason we exist on the Earth, and, of course, they are the reason we are able to ask questions. In addition: Chemical reactions are how new forms of matter are made. While nuclear reactions also may produce new matter, nearly all the substances you encounter in daily life are the result of chemical changes.Chemical reactions help us understand the properties of matter. By studying the way a sample interacts with other matter, we can learn its chemical properties. These properties can be used to identify an unknown specimen or to predict how different types of matter might react with each other.By observing chemical reactions, we are able to understand and explain how the natural world works. Chemical reactions turn food into fuel for your body, make fireworks explode, cause food to change when it is cooked, make soap remove grime, and much more.Exciting and entertaining chemical reactions pique interest in science. These types of demonstrations encourage people to ask questions and may lead them into science-related careers.Chemical reactions help us to solve crimes and explain mysteries. B y analyzing blood and tissue samples, for example, police are able to identify the perpetrators of crimes. Chemical reactions are also the tools we use to date fossils, analyze ancient materials, and better understand how our ancestors lived.By observing chemical reactions in outer space, we are able to identify and describe other planets. We can even determine which planets and moons are likely to be able to sustain life.Fire, the most important discovery made by human beings, is simply a chemical reaction.Without chemical reactions, nothing would ever change. Atoms would stay atoms. New molecules wouldnt form. No organisms could live. If matter didnt react with other matter, the universe would be extremely boring.

Installing A Computer An Anti Virus - 1479 Words

Repairing a computer may seem like a difficult task, but it is actually quite simple. Whether you need to replace hardware, format your computer or handle an anti-virus, a lot of repairmen are more than eager to help you out, but it naturally comes with a price - and a high one, at that. Many technicians overcharge far too much for the work that they do, necessary parts not included. But with some dedication and little bit of your time, you can do exactly what they do and all you ll have to pay for are the cheap parts. A lot of computer repair guides are available in the market and online, most of which are very useful, most of all if you can dodge huge bills by doing it yourself. The most common problem that people seem to face in the world of computers is formatting them. A lot of people think this is a daunting task, but it is actually quite easy. The first step is to figure out whether your computer s manufacturer provided you with a compact disc that can repair and recover fil es that could originally be found on your computer. The second step is to back-up all of the files that you wish to keep. Although this could take quite a while, it is important to do so you don t lose any of your most treasured memories. The third step, provided you run Windows Vista, is to go to Start, then All Programs, then Maintenance, then Backup Restore Center. Lastly, choose Repair Windows using System Restore and do as required by the steps on there, which are easy toShow MoreRelatedAnti Virus And Its Effect On The System1019 Words   |  5 PagesAn Anti Virus Is Affecting the System to Prevent Them An anti virus software are used to the personal computer or office work computer. It can be use to prevent affecting the virus into the system. Anti virus are abbreviated is AV and its known as the anti-malware software. Anti virus software are initially develop to detect and remove computer virus. In this software are protected to the computer. The virus is affects the systems that namely Trojan horse, backdoors, browser hijacker, worms, andRead MoreA Report On Computer System842 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In this report I will be highlighting improvements that need to be made on Mr John Opolot’s computer system and I will be explaining why these improvements are needed. These improvements following suggested improvements will be later implemented onto the computer system as this will aid him to combat the disabilities as well as increasing the speed of his system to make it more efficient and reliable as well as the performance being smooth whilst the system is operating. Software ImprovementsRead MoreThe New Concept Of The Internet Of Things ( Iot ) And Iot Security1488 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Computer viruses and other malicious software have caused major issues for individuals and organizations. Computer hackers have become so ingenious at spreading viruses and destructive malware that they can track almost all activity the computer via the internet. Therefore, computer or intrusion detection software and tools are required to prevent computer criminals from spreading viruses that intrude and wreak havoc on our personal computers and our professional industries and organizationsRead MoreInstalling A Room Average Temperature1254 Words   |  6 PagesCleaning your computer, components, and peripherals help keep everything in good working condition and helps prevent germs from spreading. A computer is designed to run in a room average temperature. High temperatures can make your computer slow and sluggish and dirt will clog up inside your computer. Cooling system in your computer is very important. Without a good cooling system in time the dust will store inside your computer such as in your computer case, heat sinks and motherboard. CleaningRead MoreSecurity Of Computer And Internet Crimes1628 Words   |  7 PagesKeaton Paper #1 Security to Stop Computer and Internet Crimes Introduction The computer and the Internet are important tools used by many people all around the world. Usually the computer and internet are used for information. In today’s society it is being used for unlawful activities. It is being used to distribute child pornography, money laundering, credit card fraud; identify theft, and all other types of crimes. Hackers are people who use their computer skills to harm society. TheyRead More Spyware Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesa reoccurring topic of conversation with most computer users nowadays. It has evolved into one of the most annoying and frustrating problems your computer can encounter. Although it is not a virus, it can still rob the computer of vital processing power. It is not there to actually harm the computer, but to hide behind the scenes and view the computer’s activity. In some cases, this is actually worse than a virus. Spyware is a category of computer programs that attaches itself to the specificRead MoreExample Of IT Support Teams803 Words   |  4 Pageswith over 10 years’ experience onsite and remotely, our expert team will help troubleshoot any hardware (USB ports, RAM, Hard drive and Monitor) and software (Office, Windows, and sound) problems that may arise. We will keep your PC up to date by installing the latest driver. We provide IT support remotely, and this enables us to connect instantly and see the issues in real time and offer a permanent solution immediately. Through a flexible model approach, we offer clients an optimized and holisticRead MoreThe Role Of Computer Technician On The Healthcare Industry949 Words   |  4 PagesIn this day and age computers play a key role in our daily activities and lives overall. Computers are especially critical to the success of large, medium, and small businesses. For example, in the Healthcare industry computers are used daily to track patient care. In order to gain a better understanding of how computers are used in the Healthcare industry, an interview was conducted with an IT Professional working for a Contract Research Organization (CRO) focusing on Clinical Research. DuringRead MoreHow Antivirus Effects Our Lives Essay examples1177 Words   |  5 Pagesprotect a computer from malware such as virus, Trojan horses, computer worms and other malicious programs. Besides from protecting a computer, the anti-virus offers many solutions to prevent new infections into your computer by scanning emails and files when they are being downloaded. An antivirus program is considered a security strategy. A computer virus is similar to a biological virus; it spreads from one computer to another just as the biological virus spreads from human to human. The computer virusRead MoreIs Cloud Security Isn t Enough?828 Words   |  4 Pages4. Cloud Security Isn’t Enough Computers are susceptible to many different attack forms when not properly monitored and protected. Hackers use many different methods to infect your system. Trojans, a type of virus, is one of the most common ways that hackers use to gain access to your system. Trojan viruses are named after the Trojan horse in the Latin epic poem The Aeneid. In this story the Greeks built a giant wooden horse as an apology to the people of troy. Little did the people of Troy know

Russia Economy Free Essays

Since attaining her independence in the early 1990’s Russia can pride herself in emerging as a middle economy which has registered an average annual economic growth rate of 6. 5%. This is largely attributed to her embracing a free market economy to replace the earlier central command approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Russia Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The World Bank notes that this economic growth has seen the number of people living in extreme poverty reduced. Trade especially exports of natural resources for instance oil and gas blended with stability in the macroeconomic policies adopted can be blamed economic achievement. However, there are major challenges that threaten this success story. The need for diversification of the economy, adoption of environmental conservative measures like the fight against deforestation has intensified in the increasingly globalized economy. Various non governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as international institutions have played a significant role in ensuring that this goal is attained. In the process, losers as well as winners have emerged. Many NGOs have been at the forefront to chip in their devoted efforts to resolve the deforestation problem in Russia. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Russia, an environmental based organization advocates for sustainable forestry in Russia. In the recent times global warming issues have intensified and are a cause of concern due to the effects on climate change. (WWF, 2009). WWF Russia has intensively ensured that this information is disseminated across Russia. It adopts collaborative measures with the owners of the forests as she works to realize this goal. The objective is to ensure that CO2 emissions, a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming are reduced. WWF highlights the effects of deforestation on wildlife as well as on human beings. It advocates for responsible forestry especially in the timber trade. WWF Russia is also committed to ensuring that the Russian artic and the wildlife there are also conserved. The biodiversity of the Northern Caucasus region must be protected from deforestation, wild fires and poaching if the wildlife contained there is to remain unharmed. In this regard, WWF Russia ensures that companies control their spillage or observe safe or responsible waste management practices. It also encourages responsible fishing. Joint efforts are vital if this goal is to be attained. WWF Russia advocates for ‘the protection of water sheds as well as the limited soil disturbances to ensure positive effects on the timber harvested’. (WWF, 2009). Another important environmental NGO is Green Peace which also advocates for conservation of forests. Green Peace has registered success by reducing the felling of trees especially in the North Western parts as well as the Russian Far East regions. (Greenpeace) In addition to the environmental organizations, there are human rights organizations like Indem foundation which have been committed towards promoting democracy in Russia. This is done through collaborative efforts with the civil societies, public officials as well as government organizations. Major issues addressed by Indem include anti corruption, issues of international cooperation, reforms in the government and the political arena as well as justice assistance. This NGO tries to ensure that people know their rights and follow the right procedures to have them respected. (Indem Foundation, 2005). International institutions like the EU and the World Bank have also played a significant role in influencing Russia. The World Bank highlighted the need to ensure diversification of the economy to allow equitable growth while reducing the poverty levels. In an effort to ensure that Russia moved with the modern times where globalization is enhanced the World Bank created a 3 year strategy. The main objective in the strategy adopted would be to ensure sustained growth, improved management especially in public led institutions, increased social services as well as increased role of the nation at a global level. Russia was expected to participate in global activities like assisting the less developed countries. (World Bank, 2009). Among the ways in which Russia can diversify her economy is through the promotion of agriculture. This sector is however faced by many challenges like excess use of chemicals, wrong choice of crops as well as extreme or excess farming. Another important industry is forestry which has also faced a lot of problems in the recent past. Exploitative foreign companies and criminal organizations have negative effects on the forestry industry. Other challenges include wild fires, pests as well as pollution from the industries. (Library of congress, 2006). Russia showed her interests in registering with World Trade Organization in 2005, a move that was expected to place her at a competitive edge in as far as her economic growth and development are concerned. However her failure to adhere to the stipulated rules for instance strict adherence to intellectual property rights sees her blocked from admission by some great economies for instance the US. (Palmer D, 2009). This has seen different bodies in Russia advocating for a change in how people perceive intellectual property rights. The need to view them as an investment has now become vibrant. Russia is a member of the EU, another international organization and she continues to accrue related gains. There are certain rules to be followed by all members of the EU community. Russia collaborates with the EU to modernize the economy, on security matters, international relations as well as on regional cooperation. (EC) In an effort to strike a balance between the economical, environmental as well as social interests the forest owners will be losers. This is attributed to the fact that they will forego their financial gains as they adhere to the harvesting. The society will gain as a whole as the adverse effects of global warming will be reduced in a safer environment. Russia has also gained from the globalization process especially in her trading activities with the larger EU region. The poor and marginalized in Russia who forms approximately 20% of the population have also emerged as winners in the globalization process. (World Bank, 2009). This is attributed to the fact that international organizations like the World Bank have been committed to change their plight. World Bank has been involved in collaborative research activities to find ways of how more jobs can be created. It also assists in health care provision by offering equipment as well as in preventive approaches to curb diseases. World Bank also shows commitment to boost Russia’s education, fight against corruption as well as acquire a safe environment. (World Bank, 2009). There are many governmental as well as non governmental organizations that affect Russia’s performance in the global environment. These organizations may have a direct impact on the Russians for instance those that empower the human capital while others may indirectly affect man for instance those based on natural resources like wildlife and forests. Regardless of the direct or indirect impact these organization lead to the emergence of losers as well as winners in the society. All in all, the benefits of globalization are enormous and ought to be embraced as no country is self sufficient. References: Doug Palmer. 2009. Russia’s WTO bid still faces big U. S. obstacles. Reuters. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://www. canada. com/news/world/Russia+still+faces+obstacles/1453371/story. html EC. The European Union and Russia. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://ec. europa. eu/external_relations/library/publications/russia_brochure07_en. pdf Greenpeace. The Russian Forests. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://archive. greenpeace. org/comms/cbio/russia. html. INDEM Foundation. 2005. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://www. indem. ru/en/index. shtml Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. 2006. Country Profile: Russia, October 2006. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://lcweb2. loc. gov/frd/cs/profiles/Russia. pdf. WWF 2009. Reducing climate change in Russia through sustainable forestry. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://www. panda. org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/russia/index. cfm? uProjectID=RU0130 Wwf Pskov Model Forest Project. Retrieved on 9th April 2009 from http://www. svo. se/episerver4/dokument/sks/engelska/Swedish_Russian/PMF%20 Brochure_ENG. pdf How to cite Russia Economy, Papers

Australia Visa System

Question: Discuss about theAustralia Visa System. Answer: Introduction Defacto Partnership In the given case Jason Bourne is an Australian resident who visited Europe and Britain on a tour for a period of two years. He met a woman named Emma Brielle who resides in France. Both of them fall in love with each other and started living together. After six month of their relationship, Jason came to know that his mother was ill and he has to visit Adelaide to see her. His mother passed away as soon as he visited his home. After some days, Jason approached a person who has received migration agent registration to sponsor Emma as his defacto spouse. The person advises Jason on the following factors: Before giving any advice, it is necessary to know about De facto relationship, which is defined under sec.4AA of the Family Law Act 1975[1]. It means that when two people are in relationship and stays together without marriage. There is no minimum or maximum period for this relationship under the act. According to the act if a person is legally married or is related to each other by family than the associated couple cannot be treated as De-Facto partners. In other words, De facto partners mean a spouse who stays with the other partner domestically without marriage. It is lawfully acceptable under Australian Law. However, in the view point of Australian Federalism De facto partners can only be lawfully accepted by the country only when both the partners reside in Australia only. According to Australian Federalism Emma does not qualify as Jasons defacto partner because she does not resides in Australia. In this case, Jason has certain available options based on which Emma can resides with him as his defacto partner. The options are as follows: 1) Emma can apply for temporary Partner visa under subclass 820/801, which allows her to stay with him. 2) Emma can apply under subclass 457[2] to obtain a visa as a secondary applicant. Under this condition, the person has to prove that they are in de facto relationship for more than a period of six months. Jason and Emma stay together in France for more than a period of six months as de facto partners. 3) Emma can also apply under subclass 300. It is helpful for the person who is engaged to Australian citizen. In the given case, Emma and Jason are not yet engaged. It is advisable for them to file the application of their relationship before applying under subclass 300. Different Types of Visas Available for Emma: According to Australian Law, the parents visa means a visa, which allows parents to stay in the country with their child for a period of two years. To obtain this visa a person needs to apply under subclass 143. In the given case, Emmas parents suffered terrorist attacks in France and lost their son in the attack. Emma seeks an advice regarding the parent visas under Australian Law. Emma and Jason are now married and they have a three years old daughter. Emma has received her Australian citizenship. Based on this information Emma has certain option for her parents, which are as below: To apply for parent category visas a person needs to fulfill certain requirements: The person should have a child, which resides in Australia and has a permanent citizenship of the country. The child resides in Australia at least for a period of two years. The person has a sponsor in Australia. The word sponsor means a person who falls under the category of resident or who has the permanent citizenship of the country. Balance of family test[3]. It means when a person has half of the children who resides in Australia. In the given case Emmas parents lost their son in the attack, now they have only two daughters Emma and Michelle. Emma is the Australian resident, which means half of their child is residing in the country. Selection of Best Option: There are certain visa options which are available for Emmas parent so that they can choose the best option for them: To apply for visa option under subclass 103[4] the parson must meet the balance of family test, and the person must have a sponsor. The processing time for this type of visa is thirty years. Hence, this option is not suitable and advisable for Emmas parents. To apply for visa under subclass 173 the parents must meet all the requirements, which are mentioned above. However, the processing time is not mentioned in the act, the processing program takes place every year. Hence, it is advisable for Emma parent to apply for this visa option only. Circumstances for Family Visa: It is helpful those people who wants to include their family members in the visa application. In [5]the given case, Emma Sister Michelle has lost her husband in the attack and now she is left alone with her five years old son in France. Emma wants to choose the visa option for her. Some of the circumstances are available for her, which are as follows: According to Australian Visa Option, a person can apply for the application under the head other family members in their application form. The family members can be siblings, parents, uncle, aunt, and so on. The person has to prove its relationship before applying for the visa. The documents include a copy of birth certificate signed and certified by the authority, residential proof of the person, the evidence which certifies that the person is totally dependent on the citizen which means that the person has lost his/her partner. In this case, the person has to submit the death certificate of the person along with the other documents. Sometimes the authority recommends DNA test in case if the person does not have any proof or evidences of their relationship. In the given case, Emma has all the relevant information and documents to prove. Hence, she can file an application to bring her parents and sister to Australia. Footnotes and Bibliography: Boucher, Anna Katherine, and Terry Carney. "Social Security for Migrant Workers and Their Families in Australia." Social Security And Migrant Workers: Selected Studies Of Cross-Border Social Security Mechanisms, R. Blanpain, P. Arellano Oritz, M. Olivier G. Vonk, eds., Kluwer(2014): 187-214. Breen, Fidelma. "Australian Immigration Policy in Practice: a case study of skill recognition and qualification transferability amongst Irish 457 visa holders."Australian Geographer(2016): 1-19. Carlos, Maria Reinaruth D. "Multiculturalism Policies and the Stepwise International Migration of Filipino Nurses: Implications for Japan."Multiculturalism and Conflict Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 162-189. Faggian, Alessandra, Jonathan Corcoran, and Francisco Rowe. "Evaluating the effects of Australian policy changes on human capital: the role of a graduate visa scheme."Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy(2015): 0263774X15614755. Fletcher, Jay. "Four ways Australia kills refugees."Green Left Weekly1041 (2015): 12. Gao, Yi, and Tay TR Koo. "Flying AustraliaEurope via China: A qualitative analysis of the factors affecting travelers' choice of Chinese carriers using online comments data."Journal of Air Transport Management39 (2014): 23-29. Horner, Jed, James G. Wood, and Angela Kelly. "Public health in/as national security: tuberculosis and the contemporary regime of border control in Australia."Critical Public Health23.4 (2013): 418-431. McDonald, Peter, S. E. Khoo, and B. Edgar. "The role of family migration in Australias permanent migration program."A report to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship(2013). Weber, Leanne, and Sharon Pickering. "Constructing Voluntarism: Technologies of intent managementin Australian Border Controls."New Border and Citizenship Politics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 17-29.

Kant The Universal Law Formation Of The Categorical Imperative Essays

Kant: the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative Kantian philosophy outlines the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative as a method for determining morality of actions. This formula is a two part test. First, one creates a maxim and considers whether the maxim could be a universal law for all rational beings. Second, one determines whether rational beings would will it to be a universal law. Once it is clear that the maxim passes both prongs of the test, there are no exceptions. As a paramedic faced with a distraught widow who asks whether her late husband suffered in his accidental death, you must decide which maxim to create and based on the test which action to perform. The maxim "when answering a widow's inquiry as to the nature and duration of her late husbands death, one should always tell the truth regarding the nature of her late husband's death" (M1) passes both parts of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative. Consequently, according to Kant, M1 is a moral action. The initial stage of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative requires that a maxim be universally applicable to all rational beings. M1 succeeds in passing the first stage. We can easily imagine a world in which paramedics always answer widows truthfully when queried. Therefore, this maxim is logical and everyone can abide by it without causing a logical impossibility. The next logical step is to apply the second stage of the test. The second requirement is that a rational being would will this maxim to become a universal law. In testing this part, you must decide whether in every case, a rational being would believe that the morally correct action is to tell the truth. First, it is clear that the widow expects to know the truth. A lie would only serve to spare her feelings if she believed it to be the truth. Therefore, even people who would consider lying to her, must concede that the correct and expected action is to tell the truth. By asking she has already decided, good or bad, that she must know the truth. What if telling the truth brings the widow to the point where she commits suicide, however? Is telling her the truth then a moral action although its consequence is this terrible response? If telling the widow the truth drives her to commit suicide, it seems like no rational being would will the maxim to become a universal law. The suicide is, however, a consequence of your initial action. The suicide has no bearing, at least for the Categorical Imperative, on whether telling the truth is moral or not. Likewise it is impossible to judge whether upon hearing the news, the widow would commit suicide. Granted it is a possibility, but there are a multitude of alternative choices that she could make and it is impossible to predict each one. To decide whether rational being would will a maxim to become a law, the maxim itself must be examined rationally and not its consequences. Accordingly, the maxim passes the second test. Conversely, some people might argue that in telling the widow a lie, you spare her years of torment and suffering. These supporters of "white lies" feel the maxim should read, "When facing a distraught widow, you should lie in regards to the death of her late husband in order to spare her feelings." Applying the first part of the Universal Law Formation of the Categorical Imperative, it appears that this maxim is a moral act. Certainly, a universal law that prevents the feelings of people who are already in pain from being hurt further seems like an excellent universal law. Unfortunately for this line of objection, the only reason a lie works is because the person being lied to believes it to be the truth. In a situation where every widow is lied to in order to spare her feelings, then they never get the truth. This leads to a logical contradiction because no one will believe a lie if they know it a lie and the maxim fails. Perhaps the die-hard liar can regroup and test a narrower maxim. If it is narrow enough so that it encompasses only a few people, then it passes the first test. For example, the maxim could read, "When facing a distraught widow whose late husband has driven off a bridge at night, and he struggled to get out of the car but ended up drowning, and he was wearing a brown suit and brown loafers,

Direct and Indirect Costs

Direct and Indirect Costs Costs are incurred in the process of producing goods and services. The costs incurred can be classified into direct and indirect costs. This essay briefly discusses direct and indirect costs in regard to the process of production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Direct and Indirect Costs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Direct costs are the expenses which can be attributed directly to a specific project. For instance, the cost of a material used to manufacture a product is treated as a direct cost – it is directly related to the cost of the final product. Direct costs form a bulky of the expenditure in a project undertaken; approximately, sixty to seventy percent of all the expenses incurred in a project are direct costs. Examples of direct costs include the wages paid to the employees who specifically work on a particular project, and the cost of the materials used in a project among others. Direct costs can be classified into direct materials, labor and expenses. The sum of cost of the materials and labor is often referred to as a prime cost. In some cases, the direct costs may be equal to the cost of a good. Calculating the direct cost will depend on the product being manufactured and thus the methods used vary. It has been observed that in most cases, the direct costs are variable costs. Variable costs change with the volume of unit outlets; the more units produced the high the direct costs. This is because the production of more units will often require more input of the direct costs, for instance, the volume of materials has to be increased to produce more unit outlets. In the same way, more input of labor will also be required to ensure that the output volume is sustained. In getting the cost of a project or a product, the direct costs are fully added to the costs of production. Indirect costs are the costs incurred in carrying out a project but cannot be related directly to that particular project. The costs affect the whole organization and cannot be pinned down to one particular project or product. These costs are spread across the board.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These costs are said to form about thirty to forty percent of the total costs of production. The most common indirect costs are: â€Å"engineering overhead, materials overhead, manufacturing overhead, general and administrative expense, and selling expense† (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010, p. 341). In most cases, the indirect costs are fixed and thus are independent of the volume of output. A good illustration is the salary of an administrator overseeing a project; regardless of how much the output volume will be increased chances are his/her or her salary will remain fixed. It has been pointed out as significant to distinguish between direct and indirect as indi rect costs are tax-deductible items. A given percent of the indirect costs are added to the cost of a product when calculating the cost of a product. The percent of the direct cost to be included in the cost of production has to be proportionally calculated. In conclusion, it has been shown that direct and indirect costs are different. While in most cases, direct costs are variables, the indirect costs are fixed. The direct costs form a huge part of the cost of a product and are added directly to the cost of a product while the indirect costs form a small percent of the cost of a product and only a percent of the indirect costs are added towards the cost of the product (Direct and Indirect Costs, 2011). References Burt, D. N., Petcavage, S. D., Pinkerton, R. L. (2010). Supply management (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw†Hill. Direct and Indirect Costs. (2011). Understanding Direct and Indirect Costs. Office of Sponsored Programs. Web.Advertising We will write a custom ess ay sample on Direct and Indirect Costs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Markets, marketing and strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Markets, marketing and strategy - Essay Example A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P.E.S.T. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firm’s control and sometimes present themselves as threats. Speaking about the political factors of the merger to take place, the principal ones to consider are trade regulations and tariffs, as BHI performs business in the three different locations all over the world, as well as such merger may be taken as the striving of both company for creating a monopoly. Taxation should also be taken into account; however, as BHI itself used to successfully run all three businesses, and the European Commission has approved on the merger, these factors are not threats here, though should be kept under control. Economic factors are also present here, as the merger presupposes intervention into business in other countries; however, as far as the businesses perform successfully, there is no threat of getting into worse infrastructure quality or facing difficulties with employment; Reckitt Benckniser has to closely consider the skill level of workforce, especially in business unit operated by BHI in Thailand, which may appear an opportunity for quality improvements. Social and technological factors here don’t represent any significance, as the businesses have been performing for a certain period of time and have both acquired stable position on the market.

German course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

German course - Essay Example P. 133). However, through his speech, people got to understand that they can do better. Luther believed in salvation as a gift out of God’s grace. However, he made people understand that salvation cannot be received without faith. His way of translating the bible as well as criticizing the Hebrews was outstanding. His work that is manifested in his life changes Christian theology. This formed the basis of Christian movements in Europe which later spread to all parts of the world (Carson, 2007. P. 72). In addition, his speech opened up people’s minds and their view on Roman Catholic Church. However, his main achievement could be said to be the German Peasant Rebellion. This enabled people to think critically but positively about their economic status. This has changed people minds from achieving the minimum to excellent achievers (Carson, 2007. P. 54). Martin Luther was, is and will always remain a prominent figure in the

Case format in mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case format in mangment - Essay Example Pre-employment tests for controlled substances are really helping various companies and organizations in increasing efficiency of employees by keeping them away from the use of drugs. However, such mechanisms should be made regarding workplace drug testing which should not only help in maintaining a drug-free environment at a workplace but also shouldn’t violate the privacy of an employee during the phase of suspicion-based testing or drug testing. Before probing into the issue of workplace drug testing, we must first get to know what workplace drug testing actually is. The medical analysis of biological specimen of an employee at a workplace is known as workplace drug testing. The main objective of workplace drug testing is to identify the presence of various specified parent drugs and their metabolites in the urine, blood, or saliva of any employee. Some common types of dug tests include urine drug tests, sweat drug screen, saliva drug screen, and alcohol related tests. Its not necessary to perform the drug testing only when an employee joins any specific company or organization. Drug testing can be pre-employment drug testing, post-incident drug testing to determine whether use of drugs was involved in the causation or not, random drug testing, or diagnostic screening. But the most common of all types is applicant testing. Random testing is frequently used for the purpose of safety or security related jobs. Drug testing is an essential not only for keeping the workplace environment drug free but also to improve the efficiency of any specific organization. Sofsian (2005) states that â€Å"Many employers feel it is necessary for prospective employees to submit to a pre-employment drug screening†. Employers of any organization maintain the right to expect the employees working in that organization not to be high on

Impact Of Colonization On Hauora Maori

Impact Of Colonization On Hauora Maori Tikanga, coming from the Maori word tika which means true or correct, has a wide range of meanings culture, custom, ethic, etiquette, fashion, formality, lore, manner, meaning, mechanism, method, protocol, style. It can also be described as general behaviour guidelines for daily life and interaction in Maori culture. It is generally taken to mean the Maori way of doing things and commonly based on experience and learning that has been handed down through generations. It is based on logic and common sense associated with a Maori world view. Kawa is the word used to describe the protocol or sequence of events which occur on the Marae particularly those related to formal activities such as pohiri, speeches and mihimihi, as well as working with Maori health providers and Maori committees who have Iwi and Hapu reps. Stratified Random Sampling In a stratified sample the sampling frame is divided into non-overlapping groups or strata, e.g. geographical areas, age-groups, genders. A sample is taken from each stratum, and when this sample is a simple random sample it is referred to as stratified random sampling. Outcome 2 Task 2.1 Random Sampling A simple random sample gives each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen. One way of achieving a simple random sample is to number each element in the sampling frame (e.g. give everyone on the Electoral register a number) and then use random numbers to select the required sample. Random numbers can be obtained using a calculator, a spreadsheet, printed tables of random numbers, or by the more traditional methods of drawing slips of paper from a hat, tossing coins or rolling a dice. Quota Sampling In quota sampling the selection of the sample is made by the interviewer, who has been given quotas to fill from specified sub-groups of the population. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 50 females between the age of 45 and 60. There are similarities with stratified sampling, but in quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random. Systematic Sampling In systematic sampling, the researcher first randomly picks the first item or subject from the population. Then, the researcher will select each nth subject from the list. The procedure involved in systematic sampling is very easy and can be done manually. The results are representative of the population unless certain characteristics of the population are repeated for every nth individual, which is highly unlikely. Task 2.2 The researcher should take into account tikanga and kawa when doing Maori research. He should know how to interview the participants without causing cultural offence. It is very important that the researcher develops a cooperative working relationship with local iwi and hapu. The researcher should remember that the Maoris always give their time and effort when they take part in something. So it would be a good idea to give them an acknowledgment for this. For example, the researcher could bring food to offer to the participants or give them financial reward for taking part in the research being conducted. Maoris believe in establishing, maintaining and nurturing reciprocal and respectful relationships. For Maori, the notion of relationships is a core value. The way that Maori interact with each other and the world around them is all based on the notion of inter-connectedness and the nurturing of reciprocal relationships. So it is very important for the researcher to respect their culture as well as establish a good relationship with the participants and their whanau. A big consideration for Maori researchers is their role as an insider or an outsider of the community they intend to research. Whether you are a member of the community under research will dictate how participants relate to you, what they will disclose, how they will engage, where they will engage, and their level of comfort in participating. Whether you are an insider or an outsider will also impact on your own perceptions of what is happening, and on the analysis of the data being retrieved so the material gathered from the research should be used carefully, appropriately and correctly. After conducting the research, the information should then be shared to the participants and their whanau. Also, before reporting pertinent data gathered from Maori participants, the researcher should ask permission from them first and their whanau. Outcome 3 Task 3.1 Maori Regional Tauranga iwi and hapÃ…Â « continued to lose significant amounts of land after 1886, notably through Crown purchasing, public works, pressures caused by actual and potential rates debt, and the processes of urbanisation and subdivision. The tangata whenua could ill afford to lose any land at all, and the scale of the loss has compounded the prejudice they suffered from the raupatu and its aftermath. Particularly disappointing was the lack of adequate protection or assistance for those groups that were left landless or nearly so. Even where Maori managed to retain land, they faced considerable difficulty trying to develop it. To a large extent, the cause of this was the land tenure and administration system imposed by the Crown on Maori owners. Along with their loss of land, Tauranga Maori suffered reduced access to and use of traditional resources from the rivers, sea, and forests of Tauranga Moana. The intensification of economic activity and the accelerating pace of urban development often led to degradation and pollution of those environments. Alongside that, development has endangered the cultural heritage of Tauranga Maori: despite some protections, many sites of cultural, spiritual, and historical importance have been modified or even destroyed. Where their environment and cultural heritage are concerned, the tangata whenua have had to fight hard to maintain even a faint shadow of the tino rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga they exercised at the time the Treaty was signed. Maori National The history of Maori grievance over Crown breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi dates back to the 1840s. As early as 1849 Ngai Tahu chiefs complained about the methods used in purchasing their lands. Around 1860, Maori still held onto most of their land, except for a few areas, particularly Wellington, Wairarapa, Hawkes Bay and parts of Northland. The 1860s saw confiscations of millions of hectares by the government and large areas of land lost through the effect of the Native Land Court. On 5 May 1863, Premier Alfred Domett sent a memorandum to Governor George Grey, proposing that Maori in a state of rebellion have their lands confiscated as a punishment. At first confiscation was intended to be relatively restricted, but it gradually became more and more elaborate. Land was confiscated both from tribes who had rebelled against the government, and those who had fought as government allies. It was envisaged that military settlers would be placed on confiscated land. Confiscations under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 and its amendments took place in South Auckland, Waikato, Tauranga, Ã…Å’pÃ…Â tiki-WhakatÄ ne, Taranaki, and the MÃ…Â haka-Waikare district in Hawkes Bay. Confiscations also took place in Poverty Bay under separate legislation. The period between 1890 and 1920 saw a boom in government land purchases, despite Maori protests. By 1937, very little land was left in Maori ownership. Maori were devastated by the effects of land confiscations, disease, and poverty. They also suffered discrimination in areas such as health, welfare, housing, military service, and sport. The pakeha laws and governance have excluded Maori from their land and culture and also afforded only marginal opportunity for Maori to participate in the economy or governance. Other Indigenous Native Americans Regional Indigenous peoples of California were Native Americans who lived in California before colonialism. This group covered much the same area as present day California. They survived mainly on plant food including grasses and acorns. Along the coast they supplemented their food with fish and seafood, and in the interior with animals such as deer and rabbits. They lived in villages of about 100 people, not always related. Because the villages contained people who were unrelated, there was a form of society with relationships between villages. Europeans first came to this area in 1542, and missions were established soon after. The missions would become the dominant economic force in Spanish colonial Alta California. By 1803 the population of nominally converted Native Americans was about 20,000. Using Native American labour, the Franciscans were developing the missions into physically impressive places with stone and abode buildings. The missionaries had legal custody of Native American people who had gone or been taken to the missions and regulated their lives in every detail. They were forced to labour in the mission fields, shops, and kitchens and took care of the thousands of cattle the missions owned. During this time the Native Americans had their land taken from them by force, and thousands were needlessly massacred. Although there are still groups present in the area today, much of their cultural identity has been lost. Native Americans National Native Americans had inherited the land now called America and eventually their lives were destroyed due to European Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the Native American way of life for the worst. These changes were caused by a number of factors including disease, loss of land, attempts to export religion, and laws, which violated Native American culture. A side effect of the Europeans greed and attitude is that they could take anything they saw. A determined effort was made to completely suppress the Native culture. This active suppression took many forms. Certain tribes were freely supplied with guns, so that they could wipe out their neighbours. Old problems between tribes were brought back into the open, causing wars. The army and many settlers treated the Natives as nothing more than pests to be got rid of. Laws were introduced that banned certain ceremonies, forced the children into the European education system, and tied whole groups to land that was useless and could not sustain them. The intention was to deny them of their cultural identity, which has the same effect as wiping them out. Native Americans never came in contact with diseases that developed in the Old World because they were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe when ocean levels rose following the end of the last Ice Age. Diseases like smallpox, measles, pneumonia, influenza, and malaria were unknown to the Native Americans until the Europeans brought these diseases over time to them. This triggered the largest population decline in all recorded history. Fifty percent of the Native American population had died of disease within twenty years. They also brought guns, alcohol and horses. The effect of these was to change the way of life for the Native Americans. Horses and guns changed their way of hunting for food. Since the cultural groups had been based on their method of subsistence, changing this changed the groupings. Some major groups moved. Once they started to move fights over territory broke out. Groups who had had plenty of food, now didnt have enough. Task 3.2 Maori Customs Before colonization, Maori had their own unique identity. Tribes of Maori were called iwi and everybody belonged to one. Customs and protocols of the people influenced their way of thinking and way of living. Visiting tribes followed their hosts tikanga if they wished to return home safely and be welcomed for a return visit. By the mid 1860s, the Crown introduced legislation which began to enforce the growing assimilation attitude, with the Colonisers wanting Maori to be absorbed into the new colonial culture, and so the wearing away of the Maori people began. The mana of the Maori was weakened with the loss of a major part of their sense of belonging. Their customs and traditions were being compromised as the language was diminishing. The less Maori language was used, the less the transfer and understanding of qualities that Maoris used to value. Hapu and iwi almost become nonexistent because tribes struggle to stay together. Many sub-tribes go back to the larger tribe and some become a forgotten people. Lifestyle Maori early settlements were often at harbours or the mouths of rivers close to the sea, with good access to fishing and shellfish grounds. There was extensive hunting of seals and the large flightless bird, the moa. Increasingly Maori developed horticulture. With careful techniques, often involving the use of stone walls, and fire embers to warm soils, they succeeded in establishing several plants, especially the kumara (sweet potato). They also turned inland, and over several generations encountered the great forests. It moved from being largely maritime to one which, in certain places, was dominated by trees and bird life. Cannibalism was a feature, as was polygamy. Technology was limited to tools made of naturally occurring materials such as pounamu (the South Islands greenstone) and tuhua (obsidian); flax was used for weaving and other purposes. There was extensive trade in these goods, usually in the form of gift exchange. With the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, New Zealand became a British colony. This saw a great increase in the number of British migrants coming to New Zealand. Many had their passage paid for by colonial companies. The systematic colonial settlement of New Zealand was largely based on the ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed the colonial settlements should be modelled on the structures of British society. Many New Zealand cities and towns were established and populated in this way. These settlements were intended to be civilised and self-sufficient, with small farmers cultivating their land, and living in peace with the native people. After the first European whalers and traders came to New Zealand, Maori lifestyle in some areas changed dramatically, and never returned to the way it was. One of the most popular commodities the Maoris were interested in trading for were muskets. As Maoris had no long-range weapons, muskets were a valuable asset to tribes. The introduction of muskets made inter-tribal wars far more dangerous, especially if it was a tribe with muskets against a tribe without. Language Maori had a language unique to any other country in the world. The Maori language, te reo, is described as a taonga of the Maori people, a special possession or treasure. Although there were slight differences in the dialects among different tribes, the messages and meanings were never lost. Proverbs and genealogy were passed through prayers, chants and songs. However, due to colonization English has been imposed as the mainstream language, causing a loss of the indigenous language. Initially, te reo was widely spoken by the Europeans particularly in interaction with Maori and by both Maori and European children. In the early 1860s, colonisers became the dominant population and English became the primary language. The Crowns effort to assimilate their own culture had laws which imposed te reo to be confined to Maori communities. Speaking in Maori was officially discouraged and Maoris were punished for speaking their own language. Schooling was enforced, first in te reo for Maori but by 1910, in English only. It was then suppressed either formally or informally so that young Maoris would be able to assimilate with the wider pakeha-dominated community. By the 1920s only a few private schools still taught Maori grammar as a school subject. Many Maori parents encouraged their children to learn English and even to turn away from other aspects of Maori custom. Increasing numbers of Maori people learnt English because they needed it in the workplace or places of recreation such as the football field. Korero Pakeha (Speak English) was seen as essential for Maori people. This led to the decline of Maori speakers. Spiritual Health Mori had their own spiritual beliefs. There was a belief that humans were part of nature the forests, seas and waterways. People saw themselves in a sacred relationship with the natural world, and the exploitation of natural resources was conducted under strict regimes of tapu (sacredness) and mana (spiritual authority) administered by tohunga (priests). They believed in a supreme being and also that each area of the universe was under the guardianship of a caretaker. Colonisation by Europeans had a significant effect on traditional Maori healing. Tohunga had limited ability to combat the diseases brought by Europeans. Though Western medicine was also relatively ineffectual at the time, this failure still strongly affected Maori confidence in tohunga. Some pakeha missionaries attributed the spread of disease to a lack of Christian faith. As their own healers appeared impotent, many Maori accepted this explanation and turned to Christianity. Over time, the whare wananga (schools of higher learning) which had trained tohunga started to close. The tradition of the tohunga declined. Psychological Health The significance of whakapapa according to tikanga Maori, whakapapa is the glue that binds whanau, hapu and iwi together. Knowledge of ones whakapapa is a vital aspect of being Maori. It has been pointed out that whakapapa defines both the individual and kin groups, and governs the relationships between them. It confirms an individuals membership and participation rights within her or his kin groups. Traditionally every adult person was expected to know and to be able to trace descent back to the tribal ancestor, or back to at least the common ancestor after whom the group with whom one lived was named. The rights and claims that an individual could make to the resources of the group she or he related to, or identified with depended on such knowledge. When the Europeans came, family structures became dysfunctional. Oppression of Maori culture was predominant. The colonisers denied the Maori their whakapapa which is one of the worst things to happen to a Maori. This led to trauma and abuse and neglect of the Maoris especially the children who were often separated from their whanau. Physical Health Evidence suggests that Maori life expectancy at the time of Captain James Cooks visits to New Zealand (between 1769 and 1777) was higher than that in Britain. Maori may have had a life expectancy at birth of more than 30, compared with less than 30 for people in Britain. After European contact, however, there was a major decline in Maori life expectancy. By 1891 the estimated life expectancy of Maori men was 25 and that of women was just 23. Between 1840 and 1891 disease and social and economic changes had serious negative effects on Maori health and a significant impact on the population. Tribal dislocation from the traditional Maori environment was brought about by the land wars and the large-scale land confiscations that followed. There was widespread loss of land through purchase and the operation of the Native Land Court, and new patterns of land use and economic activity. Maori changed housing styles, water supplies, sanitation and diet. These affected standards of health usually for the worse. Very large increases in the European population during this period meant Maori across the country were continuously exposed to new diseases. Many Maori children died in their first year of life, often from pneumonia and respiratory infections. In addition, many adults and older children suffered from epidemics of viral disease and typhoid fever, as well as from tuberculosis, a chronic disease that often ended fatally. Relatively high death rates combined with low birth rates saw a rapid decline in the Maori population between 1840 and 1878, with a slower decline from 1878 to 1891. Between 1840 and 1891 the Maori population may have halved. The population continued to decline until the century was nearly over. There were humanitarian responses to Maori health decline. The earliest providers of medical care were the missionaries. Government hospitals were set up in a few places for Maori in the 1840s. As the non-Maori population grew, hospitals became increasingly pakeha-dominated institutions, built and administered by the local settler communities. Many Maori were suspicious of hospitals for cultural reasons, and were deterred from entering them by fees. From the 1840s the government subsidised a number of doctors (native medical officers) to provide medical care for any Maori who could not afford to pay for treatment. Other Indigenous Group Native Americans Customs In North America the continuous interactions with Europeans lead to mutual trading. Native Americans received European manufactured goods: cloth, beads, steel, guns etc. in exchange for animal hides. Native Americans became dependent upon European trading which in turn forced Native Americans to alter their cultural structure. They moved from a socialist egalitarian society to that with a class distinction, a disparity between that of the proletariat in the form of the Native American and that of bourgeoisie, in the form of the European. As a result of the increased demand in Europe for American animal hides, both Europeans and Native Americans began hunting more animals than they needed to sustain themselves in order to gain more material possessions. Consequently, some Native Americans began practicing polygamy in order to have the women cure the excess of hides that the men had hunted. Many of the Native Americans had no such concept of land ownership. Native belief essentially held that the land was a gift from the creator, to be used in common by all of the society for survival and sustenance. In many native societies, no single individual owned the land and no legal institution existed to exclude certain classes of persons from the land. Land ownership, then, was a fluid concept, especially among the nomadic tribes who moved from area to area with the seasons of the year. The native peoples lived off the land. They did not practice wholesale extraction of resources such as timber, fish, and wildlife as did their European contemporaries. In part this was because the land could sustain their small populations and because their needs were relatively simple by European standards of their day. By contrast, the European settlers wanted the creature comforts to which they had been accustomed in Europe. These comforts included commercially manufactured food, clothing, furniture, and so on. Additionally, the new settlers needed to transfer as much wea lth as possible, and as quickly as possible, from the New World to their mother countries. Lifestyle Before they were colonized, lifestyle depended largely on the type and amount of food available, and how easily people could move around. The size of individual groups within each area was limited by the amount of food available and the ability to store food. Native Americans took the roles of farmers, gatherers, fishermen, and hunters as the changing seasons and their environments required. They usually lived in relatively small villages, but large towns were common where resources could support them. They lived day-to-day in social systems resembling extended families and were governed mainly by tradition. People in the east and in the river valleys of the Plains, in continuity with the Woodland tradition, depended mainly on farming. Along the Pacific coast, people relied on fishing, and sometimes whaling, and in the south on acorns, in continuity with the societies of the Archaic period. In the arid country between Rockies and the Sierra Nevada, small groups travelled from resource to resource within huge territories, surviving by maintaining an exquisite knowledge of their environments. When the Europeans came, they re-introduced horses to the Native Americans. This greatly impacted their lifestyle. This new mode of travel made it possible for them to expand their territories, exchange goods with other neighbouring tribes and easily capture game for their food. However, there were instances wherein the Natives were herded onto reserves rather than permitted to freely hunt and wander around their traditional homelands. Language There were almost a thousand languages spoken in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. In addition, these languages showed tremendous variety between one another. A trio of individuals from three areas a hundred miles apart might very likely have been completely unable to communicate by speech. There was, however, a sign language used in some areas to allow communication between those of different tribes. The spoken languages were neither primitive nor simple and many had grammars as complex as those of Russian and Latin. None of the native languages of America had a writing system until the arrival of Europeans. The arrival of European culture was not kind to the indigenous cultures of the Americas. The population of the native civilizations of the current territory of the United States fell from about 20 million to the present level of less than 2 million. Beyond the shrinking size of the ethnic populations, the languages have also suffered due to the prevalence of English among those of Native American ancestry. Most Native American languages have ceased to exist or are spoken only by older speakers. Spiritual Health The Native Americans believed in the Great Spirit. The Native Americans believed the Great Spirit had power over all things including animals, trees, stones, and clouds. The earth was believed to be the mother of all spirits. The sun had great power also because it gave the earth light and warmth. The Native Americans prayed individually and in groups. They believed visions in dreams came from the spirits. The medicine man or shaman was trained in healing the sick and interpreting signs and dreams. http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00019/11.gif When the Europeans came, many Christian missionaries tried to force Native American people to abandon traditional religious beliefs and practices. Missions were introduced, and Natives were aggressively encouraged to convert to Christianity. Christian missionaries would sometimes launch attacks on Native American religious institutions when forcing them to convert to Christianity did not work. These harmful attacks destroyed their beliefs. Most of the groups had had some form of ancestral worship and this enforced change in religion altered their culture identity. Also, when the European settlers took over land traditionally belonging to the Native Americans, this meant they were dispossessed of their own lands. For a culture that was linked inextricably to the land, it was a real tragedy to be separated from their spiritual roots. Psychological Health The Native Americans had never experienced anything like the deadly diseases before that wiped out almost half of their population. Soon after, they began to question their religion and doubted the ability of shaman to heal. They came to believe that Europeans had the power to kill or give life. Native Americans experienced trauma as a result of colonization. Physical Health Native Americans knew a lot about healing and natural medicine. The medicine included herbs but also spirits. Native Americans believed that people should live in harmony with the nature and you heal by returning people to that harmony. Most of the tribes had special medicine men and women who did the healing. Sometimes they are called shamans. They used lots of different herbs to heal. These herbs were often fixed as tea, but sometimes they were burned and the smoke was a healer. They also did cleansing or purification. They did this most often in the sweat lodge. This lodge is like sauna. They were small houses in which they burned cedar or willow. They were burned over the stones which would get hot. Then they would throw water on to make steam. Native Americans believed that the smoke and steam will clean them off diseases. Native Americans also had lots of ceremonies that were about healing. While they may seem strange, these traditions kept Native Americans healthy for centurie s. Europeans brought diseases against which the Native Americans had no immunity. Influenza, smallpox, measles, and typhus fever were relatively harmless to the European settlers, but these diseases wiped out huge numbers of American Native Americans. Not only did diseases cause a problem, but the introduction of new foods also caused problems. Foods containing wheat and sugar resulted in heart disease and obesity among the Native Americans. Europeans seeds and plants which were brought to North America spread and took over native habitat. Not only did these lead to the extinction of some species of native flora, but the break in the food chain also affected the native animals of North America. This in turn upset the balance of plants and animals on which the Native Americans relied for their food and other needs. Task 3.3 Maori Contemporary Issues In 2008 Treaty Negotiations Minister Michael Cullen signed a deed of settlement with seven central North Island tribes, transferring ownership of over $400 million worth of state forest land and accumulated rentals. The agreement contains only financial redress, on account against comprehensive settlements to be negotiated with each tribe. The agreement is the largest to date by financial value, at NZ$196 million worth of forest land in total (including the value of the Affiliate Te Arawa Iwi and Hapu share). In addition, but not counted by the government as part of the redress package the tribes will receive rentals that have accumulated on the land since 1989, valued at NZ$223 million. As of July 2008, there have been 23 settlements of various sizes. Settlements generally include financial redress, a formal Crown apology for breaches of the Treaty and recognition of the groups cultural associations with various sites. In November 2008, Chris Finlayson, a Wellington based lawyer with experience in Treaty claims, was appointed Minister for Treaty Negotiations following the National Party victory in the 2008 election. As well as the much publicized land and financial compensation, many of these later settlements included changing the official placenames. The Maori Fisheries Amendment Act 2011 has amended the Maori Fisheries Act 2004. It enables the transfer of Mandated Iwi Organisation status and fisheries settlement assets from an existing Mandated Iwi Organisation to another separate entity of the same iwi, and exempts the asset transfer from the protective provisions of the Act that would require their sale. It requires that fisheries settlement assets (being income shares in Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd and fisheries settlement quota) held by an iwi must be held by a Mandated Iwi Organisation. Previously, if an iwi attempted to transfer the fisheries settlement assets to another separate entity of the same iwi, protective provisions of the Maori Fisheries Act required sale of the assets to the highest eligible bidder from other Mandated Iwi Organisations and Te Ohu Kai Moana Trustee Ltd. It enables the transfer of the status of a Mandated Iwi Organisation (MIO), and all fisheries settlement assets held by that MIO and its subsid

How Golding Presents the Decline from Civilisation to Savagery in Lord

How Golding Presents the Decline from Civilisation to Savagery in Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies is the name given to the inner beast, to which only Simon ever actually speaks. As Simon's waits for the beast's arrival near the bloody sow's head on the stake (buzzing with flies), The Lord of the Flies speaks to him, warning him not to get in its way or else he shall be killed by the boys. The Lord of the Flies name comes from the sow's head and the countless flies buzzing about it, which soon move from the sow's head to swarm around the head of Simon as the Lord of the Flies tells him, "I'm a part of you." In biblical texts, the Lord of the Flies is the title of Beelzebub (a direct translation of his name), a demon of Hell. There is a clear distinction between this book and The Coral Island. There is no separation between boys and savages, good and evil, Christianity and cannibalism, British and savages in this book, where as in the Coral island this distinction comes out many times. Jack is the novel's primary representative of the instincts of savagery, violence, and the desire for power, which is shown from the beginning. When the idea of having a Chief is mentioned, Jack speaks out immediately. "I ought to be chief," Jack says with simple arrogance, "because I'm chapter chorister and head boy." He is furious when he loses the election to Ralph, which subtly begins their conflict, and continually pushes the boundaries of his subordinate role in the group. Jack and his compatriots are portrayed as militaristic and aggressive, with Jack's bold manner and the choir marching in step with one another. They are the first concrete entrance of civilization onto the island and a decidedly negative one; ... ... is the conflict between two competing impulses that exist within all human beings: the instinct to live by rules, act peacefully, follow moral commands, and value the good of the group on the one hand; and the instinct to gratify one's immediate desires, act violently to obtain supremacy over others, and enforce one's will on the other. These two instincts may be called "the instinct of civilization" and "the instinct of savagery," as one is devoted to values that promote ordered society and the other is devoted to values that threaten ordered society. Throughout the novel, the instinct of civilization is associated with goodness, while the instinct of savagery is associated with evil, and the latter prevails. It is only at the very end of the book that the group is drained of savagery, as the captain pictures these small, ragged, confused little boys.

How to prevent Teenage Pregnancy

Each year the United States is acknowledged for having the highest number of pregnant teens in the industrialized world. We have clueless teenage females of every race having children while they are in high school. Sex is on the minds of so many teenagers that they forget that they are not yet at a stage of having children. Since it is difficult for adolescent girl to resist the temptation of having sex; a while abstinence is the best form of prevention, birth control and other forms of protection are reliable ways to prevent teenage pregnancy. Abstinence is the best and safest way to preventing pregnancy at a young age.Abstinence is avoiding sex or any type of sexual activity. â€Å"If two people don’t have sex, then sperm can’t fertilize an egg and there’s no possibility of a pregnancy†(Hirsch1). â€Å"Only one-third of teen mothers will complete high school†(pike1). Many teenagers have sex before they leave high school catching STDs and becoming pregnant before graduating. Becoming abstinent is one of the best ways for preventing pregnancy because your not doing anything but avoiding peer pressure. Abstinence has a lot of peer pressure but it has a great ending in the long run.â€Å"Peer pressure and things you see on TV and in the movies can make the decision to practice abstinence more difficult†(Hirsch2). Even though it may be difficult for couples to resist having sex due to peer pressure it has its benefits in the end. They have a better chance of not receiving any type of STDs and most important not having children. â€Å"Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Although many birth control methods can have high rates of success if used properly, they can fail occasionally. Practicing abstinence ensures that a girl won’t become pregnant because there’s no opportunity for sperm to fertilize an egg†(Hirsch1).Even though abstinence is 100% affective not everyone has the ability to resist the powerful peer pressure that comes with it. Birth Control is the next best thing that is accepted by teenage girls. Birth control or contractive pills are pills that are taken orally to help stop the release of an egg every month. â€Å"In simple terms, all methods of birth control are based on either preventing a man‘s sperm from reaching and entering a woman‘s egg (fertilization) or preventing the fertilizes egg from implanting in the woman‘s uterus and starting to grow†(Stoppler1).Birth Control is 99. 9% effective when it comes to preventing teenage pregnancy. However birth control doesn’t permanently stop fertilization after you are on it. The contractive pills may also fail if a teenager was to miss one day of taking the pill after her period. â€Å"If pills are skipped or forgotten, a girl is not protected against pregnancy and she will need a backup form of birth control, such as condoms. Or she will need to stop having sex for a whi le. Do not take a friend’s or relative’s pills† (Hirsch1). Condoms are the most popular way of preventing teenage pregnancy.Condoms block the sperm from fertilizing the egg inside of the female. Condoms have different brands and types for females and males. â€Å"Condoms are absolutely the best birth control for teenagers. They protect against pregnancy and diseases. They are used at the time, so there is no need to fret over whether you forgot to take our pill last Tuesday. They are relatively inexpensive, and easily available (regardless of your age). Both genders can take responsibility for procuring and using them† (Rayne1). These outstanding items work unless someone was to use them the incorrect way.Condoms are made of latex or polyurethane. The best one to choose is the condom made out of latex because they are slightly more reliable. Polyurethane condoms are mostly made out of plastic. â€Å"The most common reason that condoms â€Å"fail† i s that the couple fails to use them at a. Still, it is possible for a condom to break or slip during intercourse. Condoms can also be damaged by things like fingernails and body piercing† (Hirsch2). Condoms are a very reliable source for preventing teenage pregnancy if they would just use them.Even though it may be hard for teenage girls to resist the not having sex; becoming abstinent, using different forms of birth control and condoms are the best way for preventing a unplanned pregnancy. We can stop the United States from having the highest rate of teenage pregnancy each year if the girls will do their part. So many youths have failed to live their life due to the fact that they have had children at a very young age. Having sex can wait, but if they do decide to take the risk of becoming a parent at a very young age, there are always three things they can do to prevent it from happening.

Geography of the Northern Hemisphere

Geography of the Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the northern half of the Earth. It begins at 0Â ° or the equator and continues north until it reaches 90Â °N latitude or the North Pole. The word hemisphere itself specifically means half of a sphere, and since the earth is considered an oblate sphere, a hemisphere is half. Geography and Climate Like the Southern Hemisphere, the Northern Hemisphere has a varied topography and climate. However, there is more land in the Northern Hemisphere so it is even more varied and this plays a role in the weather patterns and climate there. The land in the Northern Hemisphere consists of all of Europe, North America and Asia, a portion of South America, two-thirds of the African continent and a very small portion of the Australian continent with islands in New Guinea. Winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from around December 21 (the winter solstice) to the vernal equinox around March 20. Summer lasts from the summer solstice around June 21 to the autumnal equinox around September 21. These dates are due to the Earths axial tilt. From the period of December 21 to March 20, the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, and during the June 21 to September 21 interval, it is tilted toward the sun. To aid in studying its climate, the Northern Hemisphere is divided into several different climatic regions. The Arctic is the area that is north of the Arctic Circle at 66.5Â °N. It has a climate with very cold winters and cool summers. In the winter, it is in complete darkness for 24 hours per day and in the summer it receives 24 hours of sunlight. South of the Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer is the Northern Temperate Zone. This climatic area features mild summers and winters, but specific areas within the zone can have very different climatic patterns. For example, the southwestern United States features an arid desert climate with very hot summers, while the state of Florida in the southeastern U.S. features a humid subtropical climate with a rainy season and mild winters. The Northern Hemisphere also encompasses a portion of the Tropics between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator. This area is usually hot all year and has a rainy summer season. The Coriolis Effect An important component of the Northern Hemispheres physical geography is the Coriolis Effect and the specific direction that objects are deflected in the northern half of the Earth. In the northern hemisphere, any object moving over the Earths surface deflects to the right. Because of this, any large patterns in air or water turn clockwise north of the equator. For example, there are many large ocean gyres in the North Atlantic and North Pacific- all of which turn clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, these directions are reversed because objects are deflected to the left. In addition, the right deflection of objects impacts the flows of air over the Earth and air pressure systems. A high-pressure system, for example, is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than that of the surrounding area. In the Northern Hemisphere, these move clockwise because of the Coriolis Effect. By contrast, low-pressure systems or areas where atmospheric pressure is less than that of the surrounding area move counterclockwise because of the Coriolis Effect in the Northern Hemisphere. Population Because the Northern Hemisphere has more land area than the Southern Hemisphere it should also be noted that the majority of Earths population and its largest cities are also in its northern half. Some estimates say that the Northern Hemisphere is approximately 39.3% land, while the Southern half is only 19.1% land. Reference Wikipedia. (13 June 2010). Northern Hemisphere - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere

Personnel Management vs Strategic Hrm Essays

Personnel Management vs Strategic Hrm Essays Personnel Management vs Strategic Hrm Paper Personnel Management vs Strategic Hrm Paper â€Å"Over the past decade a shift has occurred away from ideas of ‘personnel management’ towards HRM and concepts of people management† (Pass, S. Hyde, P. , 2005) This shift has been essential, as with the globalization of the market and more competitors, firms have found it more and more difficult to gain competitive advantage. In order to adapt to this changing environment, the firm’s traditional management system evolved to a more strategic approach towards human resource management. â€Å"Strategy is about building sustainable competitive advantage that in turns creates above average financial performance†. Becker, B Huselid, M. , 2006) (Wielemaker, M. et al, 2005) states that before the shift, firms were seeking competitive advantage from outside, such as in costs of goods and trade prices. But a new belief argues that the principal source of competitive advantage actually lies within the firm itself. It is now thought that the main sources of competitive advantage are dependent on people. This new ideology has caused the role of human resources from being supportive, to being strategic. As (Wielemaker, M. t al, 2005) stated the role of traditional personnel management was mainly supportive and repetitive. Tasks such as training, recruiting and compensation were the usual roles of the human resources department. (Pass, S. Hyde, P. , 2005), argues that now, with strategic human resources management, the role of the human resources department has become more one of to ensure strategic integration, long term planning and a transfer from human resources responsibility to line management. From this, it can be concluded that strategic human resource management now focuses more on its internal people. It can also be argued that it is now regarded as a significantly more important role than previous, where the role of personnel management was seen as an option, it is now seen as a crucial part of a firm’s success. The purpose of this essay is to critically evaluate the initial, traditional style of personnel management to the more recent, strategic approach to human resource management. In order to achieve this, each approach will be closely analysed. First, the history and attributes of traditional personnel management will be overviewed. To help understand why there was a need for a shift’ towards strategic human resource management, the weaknesses of the traditional personnel management will also need to be investigated. Finally, the factors that make the strategic personnel management a more successful way of obtaining competitive advantage will be analysed, along with any problems the new system may have. From these findings, it will be possible to conclude how much of an advantage the internal employees really are to their firms, and what difference strategic human resource management has made to today’s market. Initially, personnel issues were handled by the accounting department of a firm. (Van Marrewijk, M. Timmers, J. , 2003) states that when the issues of recruitment, terms of employment and industrial relations became too time consuming, a new separate department that dealt with employees was created. This was the start of personnel management. The first academic resource that acknowledged this change was written in 1920 by Orday Tead and Henry Metcalf. (Kaufman, B. , 1999), states that these authors deserve to be credited as co founders of the field. (Kaufman, B. , 1999) believes tha t the creation of a new personnel management department was also due to the perception that it would be a ‘solution’ to the labour problems at the time. The attributes of having a separate department for personnel management signified that the accounting department would have had more time to concentrate on making profits. Also having a separate department would have meant that the employees working in the new personnel management department would have been better qualified to undertake such tasks as recruiting and training. The accounting department would have had very limited knowledge and skills regarding these tasks, and therefore it can be argued that it is likely that the new department hired and maintained better quality staff. However, as a whole new department was created, this would have produced a need to acquire more employees, which would have caused a significant increase in the company’s expenses. Also, as the idea of having a separate department was recent, apart from recruiting, training staff, negotiating and compensating, the department did not do much else. Traditional personnel management did not recognise that individual employees had different needs, and did not consider them as an asset, but merely as a tool to complete various tasks. Traditional personnel management also did not adapt to new changes, or to the increased diversity in the workforce. The way the personnel were managed was based on the way it had always been done. (Kanter, E. , 1983) illustrates the old mindset to human resources: â€Å"Many companies have the tendency to do just that: rather than consider the underlying goals or principles, which are often very simple, they prefer to repeat an elaborate system that somebody else used†. This proved to be an issue, as (Kim, P. , 1999) states ‘the cause of yesterday’s success may be the cause of tomorrow’s failure’. For example, a recruitment technique that was proved to be successful in the past, may not achieve the same results in today’s environment. This could be due to other firms gaining competitive advantage through the creation of a more efficient technique, or also to the new workforce diversity being unable to adapt to the past technique. As (Lengnick-Hall, C. Lengnick-Hall, M. , 1988) also noted â€Å"traditional models focus on matching people to strategy, but not on matching strategy to people. † This was the main issue with traditional personnel management. Bechet, T. , 2000) Summarises clearly why there was a need for change: the organisations that used the traditional approaches of personnel management found that they were ineffective, and that the potential of a firm was not fully reached by using those. (Kim, P. , 1999) states that the causes to this are the changes in the modern global economy, which highlighted the numerous challenges facing human resources. Th e industry became more and more competitive with the new firms entering the market and it therefore became harder to be successful. Cook, D. Ferris, G, 1986) highlights that traditional management had so far neglected to view the personnel management department as a strategic asset, as equally important as financial and technological assets. Due to that finding, as (Nkomo, S. , 1988) noted, a significant amount of attention had now been taken to the strategic aspect of human resources, as it has been regarded as a way to link organisational goals and strategies to the human resource objectives and programmes. (Lengnick-Hall, C. Lengnick-Hall, M. 1988) confirms this by stating ‘achieving competitive advantage through human resources requires that these activities be managed from a strategic perspective. ’ It can be concluded that it was at that time that firms began to realise that people were a firm’s most important asset and best source of competitive advantag e. Especially in an ever changing environment. It is important to note, as (Kanter, E. , 1983) explains, that strategy involves more than developing strategies for the whole organisation to use as part of a business plan. The strategic human resource function also concentrates on the internal department planning, and aims to always improve the human resources management side and adapting it to the current issues. Strategic human resource management therefore also focuses on how it should be readjusted to adapt, who else should be involved and what the issues are. From the shift of personnel management to strategic human resource management, it can be argued that many improvements within firms occurred. First, as recruiting and training approaches were modified to fit each new situation, the firms became significantly better at adapting to the constantly evolving environment, and to the workplace diversity. (Kim, P. , 1999) stresses that adapting to the workplace diversity is crucial to gaining competitive advantage, as â€Å"globalisation implies that accepting that cultural diversity in management composition and management style contributes to the competitive advantage of the global agency†. By adapting to the workplace’s need, employees felt that they were more valued and this would have led to a higher job satisfaction. The importance of this, as (Van Marrewijk, M. Timmers, J. , 2003) confirms, is that ‘Financial success is strongly correlated with employee fulfilment. ’ Another result of employees feeling more valued in a firm would increase their motivation to work efficiently. As (Van Marrewijk, M. Timmers, J. , 2003) also states that ‘motivated personnel has a phenomenally higher productivity than employees who have mental dismissal’. So employee satisfaction and job motivation are two internal sources of competitive advantage. A good example of how people can be the biggest source of competitive advantage is highlighted by (Lengnick-Hall, C. Lengnick-Hall, M. , 1988). The authors cite the example of the computer industry. The authors elaborate that this industry is very competitive due to the low switching costs between manufacturers. Firms had found it difficult to retain client due to the low switching costs, meaning that they could change company very easily. In o rder to overcome this, IBM used its employees as a source of competitive advantage. The firm had taught programming skills to the customer’s employees, which created value to IBM as customers felt they were better cared for by IBM. This resulted in customers gaining a stronger tie with IBM. However there are issues with strategic human resource planning. In this instance, as the customer has a stronger tie with IBM, this would cause the customer to be more demanding and expect very good service. Over time, this may be too costly for the company to provide and therefore would not be an efficient source of competitive advantage. Another weakness of strategic human resource management is, as explained by (Van Marrewijk, M. Timmers, J. , 2003) the splits attitude. Strategic human resource management sometimes has to work against the interest of employees. An example cited by the authors is when the firm’s profit drops. For the best interest of its shareholders, the company will have to lay off staff. This would not be positively accepted by the employees. However, if the company did not lay off staff, the company would be in financial trouble and the shareholders would not be pleased. And unfortunately, as (Perez, D. , 2001) states, downsizing has become a way of life and a necessity to remain competitive in today’s market. When comparing traditional personnel management to strategic human resource management, Hoque and Noon, as noted by (Pass, S. Hyde, P. , 2005), argued that there are four differences between personnel management and human resource management. The authors have found that firms which have a human resources department have more qualified specialists, are more involved in strategic planning, are willing to delegate tasks to supervisors and therefore these firms are more likely to perform better. As (Cook, D. Ferris, G. , 1986) also adds, there is proof that the highest performing firms all employed a strategic orientation. By strategic orientation, it is implied that they had longer term goals, consistent with the organisation’s strategy and more ‘horizontal integration among the different activities within the human resource function. ’ In summary, it can be concluded that both methods of management contain strengths and weaknesses, and therefore neither is perfect. However, by evaluating each option, strategic human resource management has proven to be the best way to gain competitive advantage by using a company’s argued most important resource: its people. As (Ropo, A. , 1993) confirms that â€Å"The internal dynamism of the HR function serves as the most critical mechanism to keep the integration process going after it has been started under favourable organisational and strategic circumstances. † Another advantage of strategic human resource management over personnel management is its ability to adapt to new situations. Rather than using the same method for an issue, strategic human resource management analyses the situation, and creates a whole new custom made strategy which will fit that particular issue. This strategy has proven to be essential in today’s changing environment, especially with globalisation significantly increasing the diversity in the workplace. The best advantage for firms that only use the traditional methods of personnel management instead of strategic human resource management is the cost saving. Instead on spending a lot of time analysing each situation and trying to satisfy each employee’s needs, it uses a model that was proven to already work for a previous situation. Also it can be argued that it is ‘safer’ than strategic human resource management. If a situation arises, instead of trying to find a strategy that ‘could’ work, they use a previous technique which has worked in the past. This means that from the past success of that technique there would be less risk of it failing. Something that can be noted about both approaches to management is that, as stated by (Van Marrewijk, M. Timmers, J. , 2003) both start from the belief that individual employees can be controlled. Both techniques imply that they can be controlled by means of authority, agreement or temptation. As previously stated, both approaches see employees as resources and not as people. An improvement could be to perhaps enhance better communication between the employer and employee, and also to encourage more equality. This would make the employees feel more valued and, as they would communicate more, strategic problem solving would be improved. Employers would understand issues within the firm better, which would make the organisation more effective overall. Reference List Bechet, T. (2000), ‘Developing Staffing Strategies That Work: Implementing Pragmatic, Nontraditional Approaches’, Public Personnel Management, Vol. 29, No. 4, Pp. 465-477. Becker, B Huselid, M. (2006), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management: Where Do We Go From Here? ’, Journal of Management, Vol. 32, No. 6, Pp. 898-925. Cook, D. Ferris, G. (1986), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management and Firm Effectiveness in Industries Experiencing Decline’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 25, No. 3, Pp. 441-458. Kanter, E. 1983), ‘Frontiers for Strategic Human Resource Planning and Management’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 22, No. 1 2, Pp. 9-21. Kaufman, B. (1999), ‘Evolution and Current Status of University HR Programs’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 38, No. 2, Pp. 103-110. Kim, P. (1999), ‘Globalisation of Human Resource Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective for the Public Sector’, Public Person nel Management, Vol. 28, No. 2, Pp. 227-243. Lengnick-Hall, C. Lengnick-Hall, M. (1988), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management: A review of the literature and a proposed typology’, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, Pp. 454-470. Liou, D. Lin, C. (2008), ‘Human Resources Planning on terrorism and crises in the Asia Pacific region: Cross-National challenge, reconsideration, and proposition from Western experiences’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 47, No. 1, Pp. 49-72. Nkomo, S. (1988), ‘Strategic Planning for Human Resources- Let’s Get Started’, Long Range Planning, Vol. 21, No. 1, Pp. 66-72. Pass, S. Hyde, P. (2005), ‘HRM or People Management: What Does it Say on the Tin? ’, Management Research News, Vol. 28, No. 9, Pp. 16-18. Perez, D. 2001), ‘Public Personnel Management in the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis of Trends in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and St Vincent and Grenadaà ¢â‚¬â„¢, Public Personnel Management, Vol. 30, No. 1, Pp. 27-35. Ropo, A. (1993), ‘Towards Strategic Human Resource Management: A Pilot Study in a Finnish Power Industry Company’, Personnel Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, Pp. 35-53. Singh, M. Vohra, N. (2005), ‘Strategic Human Resource Management in Small Enterprises’, The Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 14, No. 1, Pp. 57-70. Smith, J et al, (1992), ‘Human Resource Planning’, Human Resource Management, Vol. 1, No. 12, Pp. 81-93. Tornow, W. De Meuse, K. (1994), ‘New Paradigm Approaches in Strategic Human Resource Management’, Group Organization Management, Vol. 19, No. 2, Pp. 165-170. Van Marrewijk, M. Timmers, J. (2003), ‘Human Capital Management: New Possibilities in People Management’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 44, No. 2/3, Pp. 171-184 Wielemaker, M. et al, (2005), ‘Why Does HRM Need to Be Strategic? A Consideration of Attempts to Link Human Resources Str ategy’, The Business Review, Cambridge, Vol. 3, No. 2, Pp. 259-264.